Guiljip (九一集, 구일집) by Hong Jeongha (洪正夏, 홍정하, 1684-?), a book on mathematics. The notation of vertical and horizontal sticks along with circles seen in the middle of the page is known as Sangaji (算柯枝, 산가지) or Jusan (籌算, 주산) and represents numbers.
Pronouns & Demonstratives
Pronouns (代名詞, 대명사) is words that substitutes a noun or another pronoun. Examples of pronouns in English include “me,” “your,” “he,” and “them.” Demonstratives (指示代名詞, 지시대명사) are words that used to refer to other nouns in relation to the author’s frame of reference. Examples of demonstratives in English include “this” and “that.” The words used as demonstratives are the same as those used as third person pronouns. There are a number of types of pronouns:
- First-Person Pronouns (一人稱代名詞, 1인칭대명사)
- Second-Person Pronouns (二人稱代名詞, 2인칭대명사)
- Third-Person Pronouns (三人稱代名詞, 3인칭대명사) and Use as Demonstratives (指示代名詞, 지시대명사)
- Reflexive Pronouns (再歸代名詞, 재귀대명사)
- Interrogative Pronouns (疑問代名詞, 의문대명사)
It should be noted that unlike pronouns and demonstratives in English, there are no declensions in Classical Chinese because it is said to be an “isolating language.” For instance, the pronoun “I” based on its function can morph to “me”, “my”, “mine.” They would, however, be all the same character in Classical Chinese. The determination of that character’s interpretation would depend on the context.
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